Journal:

Article Title: Auditory Cortical Responses Elicited in Awake Primates by Random Spectrum Stimuli

doi:

Figure Lengend Snippet: Example random spectrum stimuli (RSS) from the same set. Two RSS from the same stimulus set are shown plotted as bin levels (top), tone levels (middle), and amplitude spectra (bottom). The bins have a level SD of 10 dB over the entire set, indicated by horizontal dotted lines. All of the stimuli span two octaves of frequency from 4 to 16 kHz with 20 bins per octave. Each bin contains three logarithmically spaced tones of the same level for a density of 60 tones per octave. This set contained an additional 41 stimuli, including the stimulus with all bin levels at the mean value (i.e., the flat-spectrum stimulus).

Article Snippet: Random spectrum stimulus generation Acoustic stimuli used for these experiments were adapted from similar stimuli devised by E. D. Young (Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine) to study subcortical auditory neurons ( Yu and Young, 2000 ).

Techniques:

Journal: The Journal of Neuroscience

Article Title: Active Membrane Properties and Signal Encoding in Graded Potential Neurons

doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-19-07972.1998

Figure Lengend Snippet: a, Expected coherence functions as determined from the signal and noise spectra shown in Figure ​Figure6.6. Because of the highest signal-to-noise ratio for HS-cells at rest the expected coherence was highest too, for this experimental condition.b, Nonlinearity as defined by the difference between the expected and the measured coherence. This nonlinearity is highest when the cells were permanently hyperpolarized, producing full-blown action potentials in response to visual stimulation. The error bars at 1.5 Hz show the SEM for a single representative frequency.

Article Snippet: Stimulation Stimuli were generated on Tektronix 608 monitors by an image synthesizer (Picasso, Innisfree) and consisted of a one-dimensional grating of 14° spatial wavelength and 87% contrast displayed at a frame rate of 200 Hz.

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Internal state affects local neuron function in an early sensory processing center to shape olfactory behavior in Drosophila larvae

doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-20147-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Odor responses of Keystone-LN in fed and starved larvae. ( A ). Schematic of in-vivo calcium imaging set-up. The odor stimulator consists of 3 air outlets, one for the carrier gas flow and two for the pulse flow. Under no stimulus conditions, airflow from outlets 1 and 3 are constant. When a stimulus is triggered, the airflow from outlet 1 is switched to outlet 2, which puffs air through an odor-containing syringe for 1 s, while carrier flow remains constant. Odor responses are recorded from the neurites of Keystones in the AL (Keystone-gal4; UAS-GCaMP6m) using a spinning disk confocal microscope. ( B ) Representative odor-evoked calcium responses in the neurites of Keystone-LNs to the indicated odors diluted in paraffin oil. ( C ) The top panels show maximum projection images of baseline GCaMP fluorescence in Keystone-LN neurites in the antennal lobe. The bottom heatmaps represent the responses of Keystone-LN neurites to the indicated odors under fed and starved conditions. Each row corresponds to responses from an individual larva. The black bar indicates when the 1-s odor stimulus was applied. ( D ) Box plots showing solvent corrected response amplitudes with min–max normalization (see “ ”) comparing responses to different odors in fed and starved states. Mann–Whitney U -test was used to test differences between fed and starved conditions. No statistically significant differences were found for any of the odors tested.

Article Snippet: A stimulator (Syntech Stimulus Controller CS55 V2) was used to couple the odor stimulus delivery with imaging.

Techniques: In Vivo, Imaging, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Solvent, MANN-WHITNEY